News & Updates (14)
Integrating gender and nutrition in Ugandan policy: An assessment
Lead:
A recent study on Ugandan climate and food security policies assesses gender and nutrition mainstreaming in national policy.
This story was originally published on the CCAFS blog.
Most of Uganda’s population relies on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods. Agriculture is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change: decreasing soil fertility, rainfall variability, extreme weather events, as well as pests and diseases, are only some of the challenges farmers are facing. Rural women in Uganda are especially vulnerable to these challenges, given their cultural responsibility to provide their families with nutritious food, fuel and safe water–resources that are becoming scarce following weather extremes.
The challenges notwithstanding, Uganda is still considered the “regional food basket” due to its high agricultural production. However, undernourishment has been on the rise, despite recent improvements in child nutrition. Adult obesity has also somewhat increased in the last few years, adding to the issue of malnutrition in the country.
Adequate focus on gender and nutrition in climate change and food security policies could help tackle these challenges. A recent study carried out by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)* shows that there is evidence of government efforts to include gender and nutrition perspectives in national policies, but that these are not consistently mainstreamed across climate change and food security policy documents.
Recognizing the importance of agriculture, nutrition and gender in national plans
Uganda’s Comprehensive National Development Planning Framework consists of the major national plans and policies, such as their Vision 2040 and five-year national development plans, as well as sectoral policies, among others.
This framework acknowledges the impacts of climate change on the environment and economy, including agricultural production, productivity and incomes. It highlights agriculture as a key sector to be supported to improve access to food, boost income and increase nutrition security. The framework also emphasizes the major role of women in agricultural production and that women should be empowered to participate as equal partners in development.
This shows that gender and nutrition are being considered relevant to national policies. While this is promising, to help the government advance on these commitments, the study looked at how well a number of policy document integrates gender and nutrition, and made specific recommendations based on the findings.
Taking a closer look at gender and nutrition sensitivity in policy documents
The study examined 26 policy documents across 10 criteria to assess gender and nutrition sensitivity. The policy documents were selected from the vital sectors of water, environment, agriculture, health and education; 10 relate to climate change and 16 documents focus on food security. The 10 criteria were adapted from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) key recommendations for improving nutrition through agriculture and food systems and the UN Network for Scaling up Nutrition (SUN) criteria and characteristics of “good” national nutrition plans. The criteria used are described in Table 1 of the Policy Brief.
The figures below show how many of the examined documents were gender and/or nutrition sensitive, listed by the 10 criteria.
In climate change policies:
In food security policies:
Signs of ambition but still room for improvement
There is evidence of efforts to mainstream gender and nutrition in national policies. However, the study finds that gender and nutrition aspects are integrated unsystematically in both climate change and food security policies.
While effective policy implementation will require a systematic and coherent development of guiding documents (policies, implementation strategies, implementation guidelines, action plans and budgets), the study reveals the absence of some important documents along the hierarchy of guiding documents in both sectors. Other key documents, such as the Uganda Nutrition Action Plan 2018-2025 and the National Nutrition Policy are still in draft form.
There is also a lack of financial frameworks in more than half of the documents, which makes it difficult to track explicit sector allocations on gender and nutrition. Lastly, gender, climate change and nutrition are cross-cutting responsibilities of multiple sectors, however, very few policy documents provide for joint sector performance reviews.
Recommendations for policy-makers
The study makes some recommendations for policy-makers to consider:
1. Sectors should systematically develop policies and guiding documents and align their provisions for gender, climate change and nutrition with the national targets set by the Comprehensive National Development Plan Framework.
2. Sectors should systematically mainstream gender and nutrition throughout sections of the national guiding documents by stating explicit commitments. This should be informed by sector-specific gender analyses.
3. Joint performance reviews involving various stakeholders should be held regularly to evaluate progress snd alignment with national vision as well as reduce the duplication of efforts.
Implementing these recommendations will advance Uganda’s efforts to improve gender, climate change, food, and nutrition outcomes, and thereby contribute to a more food-secure, resilient and equal world.
Read the Policy Brief: Climate change, food and nutrition policies in Uganda: Are they gender- and nutrition-sensitive?
The PDF Version can be downloaded here [ CCAFS_IITA_blog ]
* The study was done as part of the CCAFS Policy action for nutrition-sensitive climate-smart agriculture in Uganda and Ethiopia project, led by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA).
Authors:
Written by Lili Szilagyi (CCAFS) and Patricia Bamanyaki (IITA)
Lili Szilagyi is the Communications Consultant for the CCAFS Priorities and Policies for CSA Flagship. Patricia Bamanyaki is the Project Leader for the Policy action for nutrition-sensitive climate-smart agriculture in Uganda and Ethiopia project in Uganda and Ethiopia, based at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Uganda. Edited by Leanne Zeppenfeld, Communications Student Assistant for the CCAFS Program Management Unit.
Header image:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/ciat/38204231186/
Credit: Georgina Smith (CIAT)
CSAYN 5TH ANNIVERSARY ( 2014- 2019) REPORT IN 14 MEMBER COUNTRIES ACROSS THE CONTINENTAL OF AFRICA , EUROPE AND AMERICAS Slated for December 5- 20 2019.
By: Yvonne Uwase Munyangeri (CIAT-Rwanda), Seble Samuel (CCAFS), Desire M. Kagabo (CIAT-Rwanda), Gloriose Nsengiyumva (CIAT-Rwanda) and Livingstone Byandaga (CIAT-Rwanda)
Key stakeholders in Rwanda learn the ins and outs of the country’s Climate Maproom.
Maps are powerful tools, breaking down language barriers and gaps across disciplines to translate complex concepts. Rwanda’s Climate Maproom, a collection of maps and figures of the national meteorological agency, Meteo Rwanda, does just this.
In April 2019, Meteo Rwanda, a public institution that facilitates access to reliable weather and climate data, organized a three-day training workshop on the use of the Climate Maproom. The system monitors climate conditions and provides guidance on historical, present day and seasonal climate forecasts.
The training workshop was organized in collaboration with the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and the Rwanda Green Fund (FONERWA). The workshop brought together the provincial directors of agriculture and district development programs, district directors of agriculture and natural resources, government institutions, international and local non-government organizations and research centers concerned with the production and use of weather and climate information. The Rwanda National Police, media, academia and other stakeholders involved in climate information production and use were present as well.
Different Climate Maproom products were presented, including climate data across time scales, malaria historical analysis, and the intersections of climate information and agriculture outputs, among others. Participants learned how to navigate the Climate Maproom and explored different products available on this platform. Through practical sessions, participants learned to interpret and use Climate Maproom products in planning and decision making depending on their sectors. Through deep analysis, participants learned how onsets, cessations, dry and wet spells, length of the season, and other climate factors, are calculated and forecasted. They also learned to analyze and monitor diseases vis a vis weather and climate variabilities, such as malaria.
It is very helpful to know that the climate situation of your region can be easily available before the season starts,” said Theogene Mugabonake, Director of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management in Nyanza District in southern province. “This will help us in planning our agricultural activities and reduce the risk of losing some crops.”
The workshop outcomes included ensuring that:
- a) climate information products, including their uncertainties and limitations are understood and communicated to users
- b) user opinions were discussed on how to make climate information accessible, user-friendly and applicable
- c) a user feedback mechanism was created between Meteo Rwanda and weather and climate users to promote and enhance co-production of weather and climate information products
“Meteo Rwanda’s Climate Maproom is available for you. It intends to help you in planning and decision making,” said Desire Kagabo, the chairperson for the board of directors of Meteo Rwanda. “There should not be any planning without taking into consideration the climate information.”
Through the 5Q approach, a simplified and innovative monitoring and evaluation method developed by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and CIAT, participants were trained to share their feedback on climate information services via mobile phones. This approach has been harnessed to ensure that information provided by Meteo Rwanda is suitable for users, and that they may provide feedback for improvement where needed, hence promoting the co-production of climate information.
At the end of the training, participants visited the weather radar located at Maranyundo in Nyamata District to learn more on the process of climate information production and dissemination.
Against the backdrop of changing climatic conditions in Africa, scientists, administrators and seed enterprises have urged the farming community in Tanzania to adopt hardy crops like sorghum.
“Farmers, mainly those in low rainfall areas, can embrace sorghum which is tolerant to drought. This will ensure food security in the country and across the region, bringing economic development,” Mr John Palingo, Commissioner for Songwe Region in Tanzania’s Mobzi District, said during a farmers’ field day organized recently in Magamba.
by Claudia Ringler and Ruth Meinzen-Dick
As people and organizations around the globe mark World Environment Day (June 5), all signs point to an unprecedented and rapid decline in planetary health. A preview of a global report on biodiversity, the most comprehensive to ever be completed, somberly notes that 1 million animal and plant species are on the brink of extinction, many within mere decades. Since 1980, greenhouse gas emissions have doubled and human-induced warming reached approximately 1 degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and is growing at around 0.2 degree Celsius per decade. The impacts of climate change on this scale are only starting to be fully understood.
Human health depends intimately on planetary health. The loss of ecosystem services erodes the social and economic support systems of people around the world, especially the poorest and most vulnerable. Higher temperatures and extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and hurricanes destroy agricultural systems, impoverishing the communities that depend on them for their livelihoods and food and nutrition security for years, decades and can even have inter-generational effects.
By:Ronoh Nathan
The Feed the Future Kenya Accelerated Value Chain Development (AVCD) program implemented by a consortium of CGIAR centers, sought to harness the technologies and innovations within the research system ‘to sustainably reduce poverty and hunger in Kenya with the objective of increasing inclusive agricultural growth and improving nutritional status of communities.
In phase 1, the potato value chain, led by the International Potato Center (CIP), supported 46,700 smallholder farmers with technologies to improve farm productivity and engage in market systems. The seed system for potato was scaled out to reach farmers who previously did not have access to quality seed by transforming 150 progressive farmers into seed multiplier businesses. One such progressive farmer is Samuel Kibet Sugut who is providing clean seed to potato farmers using a newly introduced technology—rooted apical cuttings. A few months ago, his story was published in the weekly magazine insert, Seeds of Gold, in the Saturday Nation newspaper in Kenya. A crosspost is available below:
In the quiet Kipsirigo village in Nandi County, a new agribusiness is picking up.
Samuel Kibet Sugut is among those who have embraced the new agribusiness, which involves the multiplication of Irish potato planting materials, having abandoned dairy farming to concentrate on the cash cow.
Sugut, who was a dairy farmer for 15 years, has seen a bright future in the production of the disease-free materials that many farmers are turning to. As he prepares his small piece of land for planting, his phone keeps ringing every few minutes, with nearly all the callers enquiring about the availability of seeds given that the short rain season is just around the corner.
By Kristina Roesel
In Uganda, around 70% of all households keep at least one kind of livestock (including poultry). Livestock production is primarily a family business, but only a fraction of the food produced is used for home consumption. Most of it is sold at local markets, which are mainly informal markets. Pathogenic diseases are one of the constraints that limit livestock production, often resulting in death of animals and loss of income and livelihoods for livestock keepers. Zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis and Rift Valley fever threaten the health of producers, processors and consumers. Improved animal health, therefore, directly contributes towards improved livelihoods and human health through better diets and fewer zoonotic diseases.
Knowledge and awareness about animal diseases, their risks and intervention options are limited in Uganda. For many of the animal health problems, there are effective solutions at hand, for example, vaccines. However, lack of infrastructure and institutions in low- and middle-income countries does not allow last-mile delivery of solutions or implementation of disease control. Lack of awareness on the benefits of vaccines results in unwillingness to purchase them. This problem is compounded by lack of trained personnel to deliver vaccines. There is little investment in capacity building and professional development of processors, which leads to gaps in research and surveillance of transboundary and zoonotic diseases. This project thus aims to support existing structures by helping to scale solutions through a collaborative effort in research, extension and partnerships.
The project has four main components:
- Support for ongoing campaigns to eradicate the transboundary disease, peste des petits ruminants
- Control of zoonotic diseases
- Control of antimicrobial resistance
- Improved veterinary public health at the point of slaughter
Food loss and waste drains $940 billion from the global economy each year. The private sector, with support from government and partners, can change that.
The incredible scale of global food loss and waste – an estimated one-third of food produced – causes economic losses of US$ 940 billion per year. Besides economic losses it also consumes a quarter of all water used by agriculture and accounts for 8% of global greenhouse gases. Reducing food loss and waste is a critical strategy for addressing sustainable development goals to reduce poverty, improve nutrition and take climate change mitigation action.
In a peer-reviewed study published this month, we examined the business case for reducing food loss and waste in three supply chains: dairy in Kenya, grains in Tanzania and tomatoes in Nigeria. We found that reducing food loss in these supply chains is a low-hanging fruit; investments are profitable and benefit supply chain actors.
By: Gloria Otieno (Bioversity International)
Climate change is leading to the shifting and shortening of seasons, erratic rainfalls, prolonged droughts and higher mean temperatures in the Nyando basin in Kenya. As a result, the varieties that farmers use do not perform well under the changing climatic conditions. Therefore, there is a need to mobilize locally viable options for adaptation through efficient methods, such as participatory research.
A project led by Bioversity International on "open source" seed systems for beans, sorghum, and finger millet for climate change adaptation in East Africa aims to address these challenges. Some of the main strategies include increasing farmers’ access to a wider range of agricultural biodiversity, in order to arm them with options to better manage climate risks and biotic stresses, such as pests and diseases.
By: Julianna White (CCAFS Low Emissions Development)
Expected population growth and increasing consumption of dairy and meat are driving demand for climate-smart livestock production in East Africa.
Livestock—key to livelihoods and food and nutrition security for millions—is responsible for 40% of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture. And emissions are increasing year upon year, as production increases. One way to bend the curve of emissions is to reduce the emission intensity of dairy and meat, which means producing the same amount of dairy or meat with fewer emissions.
Reducing emission intensity is especially important for countries like Ethiopia and Kenya, where the livestock sector accounts for 12% and 25% of gross domestic product (GDP), respectively, and current livestock production is emission-intensive. As both Ethiopia and Kenya raised livestock as a component of their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to global climate change mitigation, the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)—with its partner the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)—recently published reports on the feasibility of various low-emission livestock options in the countries and an investment case for one LED option.
More...
By:Kathlee Freeman (CCAFS) and Tatiana Gumucio (IRI)
Newly produced materials from CCAFS to assist experts in implementing gender-based research in climate work in order to fulfill the needs of both men and women farmers.
Climate change brings with it erratic and shifting weather patterns. The first five months of 2018 have been exceptionally warm, with hurricanes, floods, heat waves, and droughts wreaking havoc across much of the world. Receding ice in Antarctica also spells disaster for coastal regions as ocean levels continue to rise.
For smallholder farmers in developing communities, accessing weather information is essential, especially as the weather becomes harder to predict using traditional methods. Women smallholders, in particular, face a number of constraints when accessing weather information. Financial limitations often prevent women from owning information and communication technologies (ICTs), such as a cell phones or radios, making it difficult for such information to reach them. Gender-based differences in education levels and household duties may make it difficult for women to access, interpret, and make use of climate information. Extension services and other interventions may also miss women due to their exclusion from decision-making processes or social norms concerning their mobility and interactions in male-dominated spaces.
Given these constraints, projects aiming to improve access to climate services and insurance schemes must account for gender-based realities and needs. Researchers for the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Gender and Social Inclusion (FP5) and Climate Services and Safety Nets (FP4) Flagships recently developed a number of materials to assist project leaders, researchers, and other stakeholders in meeting the needs of men and women.
By: Gebermedihin Ambaw and Meron Tadesse (CCAFS)
A climate-smart landscape approach in Southern Ethiopia uncovers the opportunities for renewable energy-based irrigation systems, diversified production and resilient livelihoods.
In October 2018, the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security in East Africa (CCAFS EA), along with partners from the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and also Ethiopian institutions, such as the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Resources (MoALR), Mekelle University and Debre Berhan University, carried out a field visit to Doyogena in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR) of Ethiopia. The main objective of the visit was to explore the opportunities to design and implement renewable energy-based irrigation systems—with a focus on addressing critical water-related needs—to ensure year-round high value crop and livestock feed production in the region.
Stakeholder discussion concerned the needs, opportunities and challenges of successfully introducing a small-scale solar energy irrigation system to improve livelihoods, diversify diets and income and to enhance resilience and adaptive capacity. Furthermore, the use of gender-sensitive climate-smart practices and technologies at scale was also discussed, in order to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and sequester carbon in agricultural landscapes where possible.
By: Faith Okiror (IITA), David Mukasa (IITA), Victor Komakech (HRNS) and Sarah Margiotta (IITA)
Study tour guided farmers on the performance of coffee at different steps of the application of agronomic and climate change adaptation practices.
As part of USAID’s Feed the Future project*, the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in collaboration with Hanns R. Neumann Stiftung (HRNS) have established 10 Climate Smart Investment Pathway (CSIP) demonstration plots in Luwero and Ntungamo districts in Uganda for research and learning on good agronomic practices for coffee.
The research will inform the Coffee and Climate Initiative (CCI) on good agronomic and climate change adaptation practices, reaching over 2,000 smallholder coffee farmers in the two pilot project sites. As part of the initiative, trainings are organized by HRNS to guide farmers on how to cope with climate change shocks. Droughts, rainfall variability, hard to control pests and diseases are just some of the challenges farmers face. In addition to putting the livelihoods of millions of smallholder coffee farmers at risk, these challenges also threaten global coffee supply.
HRNS organized a 2-day learning event on 29-30 May 2018 with the purpose of facilitating a visit to the Stepwise demonstration sites for all participants. Sixty-four farmers, extensionists, local leaders, representatives from farmer alliances (Uganda Coffee Farmers Alliance) and government bodies (Operation Wealth Creation Program), and local government officials attended the event. The tour gave farmers a practical learning experience through physical observation of the performance of coffee at different steps of the application of agronomic and climate change adaptation practices. Read More
By: Catherine Mungai and Maren Radeny (CCAFS)
Mainstreaming climate-smart agriculture to support the transformation of Kenya's agriculture sector into an innovative, commercially-oriented, competitive and modern sector.
On 31 October 2018, the Kenya Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries & Irrigation (MoALF&I) launched the Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Implementation Framework 2018-2027 at Kilimo Grounds, Nairobi.
The framework sets guidelines for implementing climate-smart agriculture (CSA) approaches, strategies, practices and technologies in Kenya. The purpose is to promote climate-resilient and low-carbon growth sustainable agriculture that ensures food security and contributes to national development goals.
The framework was produced by MoALF&I in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry with support from the Department for International Development (DFID), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) through the Integrating Agriculture in National Adaptation Plans project (NAP-Ag), the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Read More
Recent studies on agriculture and climate change in Africa point to a growing risk of failed seasons amongst farmers occasioned by a warmer climate. However, the situation is not all gloom and doom, as there are opportunities for innovation through adoption of appropriate climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices and policies that can help smallholder farmers sustain and improve their livelihoods. CSA integrates the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) and entails a suite of technologies and practices that can increase productivity and incomes, enhance adaptation and build resilience to climate change, and where possible reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions.